Private:
Aircraft airworthiness:  inspections, ADs, pre-flight, fuel w&b
Pilot airworthiness:  current, solo endorsements, medical, IMSAFE
Passengers airworthy:  sober, no diving, briefed, not sick
Flight plan:  enough fuel, weather and alternates, W&B for T/O and LDG
Runways:  familiar with all NOTAMS and runways and freq.s
Density altitude:  how to determine it, effects, when oxygen needed
Pattern entry:  how to tell wind, landing with tailwind
Classes of airspace:  VFR requirements
Airspeeds:  for short and soft-field T/O and LDG

Instrument:
Icing:  pitot and static failures or ice
Charts:  MCA how to fly them, radio frequencies
IAP:  feeder routes, feeder procedures
ID:  listen for station identifications, identify DME navaid
Holds:  not in protected area, not compensate for winds aloft
Turns:  listen for 270 degree right turns to headings
Communications:  failures, procedures
Approaches:  descend when cleared, circle to land minimums, PTs  
Missed:  flying missed off course, intercept VOR track on missed
Equipment:  notice actual DG failure, GS flag/failure on checkride

Commercial:
Gear system:  emergency use, operation, checks, speeds
Propeller control:  oil loss means flat pitch
Electrical system:  voltage, how to tell if alternator fails
Density altitude:  how does it affect engine, oxygen use
Diversion:  quick calls to approach, ATIS

Comm. Multi:
Systems:  fuel for both engines and crossfeed, inop. equipment
Single-engine:  speeds, feathering and shutdown
Weather:  minumums for VFR
Patterns:  single engine and IFR, and parallel runways
Landings:  short field and flap retraction
Take-offs:  accelerate-stop and accelerate-go
VMc:  causes and effects

CFI:
FOI:  learning, factors of learning, teaching, syllabus, objectives
Preflight:  use a checklist to teach it
Systems:  know how to teach them
Airspace:  D, special VFR
Endorsements:  student certificate expires in 24 months
Manuals:  STC (McCauley vs. Hartzell prop) documents
Emergency systems:  flashlight, handheld, GPS, fire extinguisher
Manuevers:  teach ground reference
Critique:  write notes during student performance
Safety:  constant lookout, pay attention to student failures
In-flight:  don't tell what's wrong, tell how to FIX it
Training Aids:  all the manuals, dress well, model airplane